Percent Ionic Character Calculator

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Choose how to calculate percent ionic character. Pauling's formula is the standard classroom method; dipole moment uses experimental data.
Select a common bond to auto-fill electronegativity values, or choose Custom to enter your own.
Pauling-scale electronegativity of the first atom (H = 2.20, F = 3.98, Cs = 0.79).
Pauling-scale electronegativity of the second atom.
Percent ionic characterPredominantly ionic
54.71%

How much ionic character the bond has on a 0-100% scale

Electronegativity difference (Δχ)1.78
Bond classificationPredominantly ionic
Percent covalent character45.29%
54.71 %
Nonpolar covalent<6.06Polar covalent6.06-50Predominantly ionic50+

54.7% ionic, 45.3% covalent - Predominantly ionic

  • The bond has 54.7% ionic character and 45.3% covalent character.
  • An electronegativity difference of 1.78 places this bond in the predominantly ionic category.
  • The bond has predominantly ionic character: electron density is heavily shifted toward the more electronegative atom.

Next stepTo measure ionic character experimentally, compare the observed dipole moment with the dipole calculated for 100% charge separation using the bond length.

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