How many equally-pitched slope panels your roof has. A standard gable roof has 2.
Pitch is how many inches the roof rises for every 12 inches of horizontal run. A 6/12 pitch is the most common residential pitch in North America.
Extra shingles to account for cuts, ridges, and starter strips. A 10% waste factor is standard for most residential roofs.
Shingle type affects individual shingle count. Bundles still cover the same area (33.3 sq ft), but the number of shingles per bundle varies.