Horizontal 2x4 supports between posts. Tall fences (over 6 ft) use 3 rails.
Privacy fences have zero gap. Shadowbox alternates pickets for 50% coverage. Picket style uses standard 3.5 in gaps.
Wood type affects material cost estimates. Pressure-treated is cheapest; redwood is premium. All are rot-resistant.
Extra material to buy to account for cuts, defects, and errors. 10% is the industry standard.